Attention mechanism
An attention mechanism lets a neural network decide, for each piece of output, which parts of the input to focus on. When translating a sentence, for example, the network scores every input word for relevance to the word it is about to write and takes a weighted mix of them. It replaced the older approach of squeezing a whole sentence into one fixed summary.
Why it comes up
Bengio's lab introduced attention for machine translation in 2014 (Bahdanau, Cho and Bengio), and the 2017 Transformer built an entire architecture from it.